This expedition is part of the Dano-Norwegian colonization of the Americas. About half the government revenues come from grants from the Danish government, an important supplement to the gross domestic product (GDP). [16][40] They shared the island with the late Dorset culture inhabitants who occupied the northern and western parts, and later with the Thule culture that entered from the north. Areas inland of this strip of land are either covered in ice or bare rock. With 7580% of its surface covered by the Earths second-largest ice cap, Greenland has limited ice-free area and only two ecoregions, the more southern Kalaallit Nunaat Arctic Steppe and the northern Kalaallit Nunaat High Arctic Tundra. Today only two newspapers are published in Greenland, both of which are distributed nationally. The commissioner is Julie Prst Wilche. (ed. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Greenland_National_Park 3. Like many aspects of the economy, this slowed dramatically in 2020, and into 2021, due to restrictions required as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;[78] one source describes it as being the "biggest economic victim of the coronavirus" (the overall economy did not suffer too severely as of mid-2020, thanks to the fisheries "and a hefty subsidy from Copenhagen"). The monarch officially retains executive power and presides over the Council of State (privy council). This ecoregion wraps around the top of Greenland, including the upper half of the west coast and the upper one-third of the east coast. The birches are generally 0.52 m tall, but can reach 10 m. This relatively warm area is dominated by dwarf-scrub heath, along with dry meadow and lichen heath. The second longest runway is at Narsarsuaq, a domestic airport with limited international service in south Greenland. The increase in private and commercial vessel traffic in the Arctic is a growing concern for those who respond to emergencies at sea. Inuit arrived in the 13th century. The amount and diversity of biotic life is affected by the temperature. When the union between the crowns of Denmark and Norway was dissolved in 1814, the Treaty of Kiel severed Norway's former colonies and left them under the control of the Danish monarch. [124] One of the H-bombs remains lost.[125][126]. In this way, the Greenlandic government wants to give the same linguistic, cultural and social education to all students, both those of Greenlandic and Danish origin. Greenland is a self-governing entity within the constitutional monarchy of the Kingdom of Denmark, in which Queen Margrethe II is the head of state. Nearly one hundred people are directly employed by this company, which is one of the largest in the territory. After the collapse of the Third Reich, Albert Speer briefly considered escaping in a small aeroplane to hide out in Greenland, but changed his mind and decided to surrender to the United States Armed Forces.[57]. Debate about the roles of Greenlandic and Danish in the country's future is ongoing. The Danish government did not become aware of the programme's mission until 1997, when they discovered it while looking, in the declassified documents, for records related to the crash of a nuclear equipped B-52bomber at Thule in 1968.[66]. [4] 50% of the territory is bare rock and ice, or very sparse vegetation. While the 2009 election saw the unionist Democrat Party (twoMPs) decline greatly, the 2013 election consolidated the power of the two main parties at the expense of the smaller groups, and saw the eco-socialist Inuit Party elected to the Parliament for the first time. [49] More recent evidence suggests that the Norse, who never numbered more than about 2,500, gradually abandoned the Greenland settlements over the 15th century as walrus ivory,[50] the most valuable export from Greenland, decreased in price because of competition with other sources of higher-quality ivory, and that there was actually little evidence of starvation or difficulties.[51]. Claiming the most northern reaches of land on Earth, the Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra of northern Greenland, or Kalaallit Nunaat as it is known locally, is a unique and fragile ecosystem.The Kalaallit Nunaat is one of only two ecoregions of Greenland.Veiled in near-darkness for as many as four months out of the year and enduring summer temperatures that seldom exceed 5C, this . [134] SFJ is far from the vicinity of the larger metropolitan capital areas, 317km (197mi) to the capital Nuuk, and airline passenger services are available.[135]. Precipitation is generally 25200 mm annually, decreasing inland. Plant life is sparse, with scattered fields of heath and fellfields of low herbaceous cushion plants. The nomadic Inuit were traditionally shamanistic, with a well-developed religion primarily concerned with appeasing a vengeful and fingerless sea goddess called Sedna who controlled the success of the seal and whale hunts.[155]. A final report (G-50) was presented in 1950, which recommended the introduction of a modern welfare state with Denmark's development as sponsor and model. Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300 AD the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic[43] with trees and herbaceous plants growing and livestock being farmed. The country has a 100% literacy rate.[128]. In 1501, Corte-Real returned with his brother, Miguel Corte-Real. Greenland. Date: 2 October 2010: Source: Melville-Bay.svg; Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra (NA1113) Author: Cephas: Licensing . [176] Popular sports include association football, track and field, handball and skiing. Elements of the sensor systems are commanded and controlled variously by Space Delta's 2, 4, and 6. Under Regulation No. Secondary education in Greenland is generally vocational and technical. The local population of three nearby villages was moved more than 100km (62 miles) away in the winter. The Thule culture was the first to introduce to Greenland such technological innovations as dog sleds and toggling harpoons. The Centre studies the impacts of climate change on the Arctic environment and Greenlandic people. [44] The ice cores indicate Greenland has had dramatic temperature shifts many times over the past 100,000 years. Therefore, in high latitude ecoregions with low -diversity (e.g. . Denmark upholds the annual block grant of 3.2billion Danish kroner, but as Greenland begins to collect revenues of its natural resources, the grant will gradually be diminished. [42] Apart from some runic inscriptions, the only contemporary records or historiography that survives from the Norse settlements is of their contact with Iceland or Norway. Arctic Umiaq Line makes a single round trip per week, taking 80 hours each direction.[143]. The major air bases were Bluie West-1 at Narsarsuaq and Bluie West-8 at Sndre Strmfjord (Kangerlussuaq), both of which are still used as Greenland's major international airports. Image credit: Creative Commons, Olafaur Larson. Despite resumption[when?] There are no trees. The bi-weekly Atuagagdliutit/Grnlandsposten (AG) is the other newspaper in Greenland, published every Tuesday and Thursday in Greenlandic as Atuagagdliutit and in Danish as Grnlandsposten. [citation needed] A UNESCO report has labelled the other varieties as endangered, and measures are now being considered to protect East Greenlandic dialect.[151]. [82] It is between latitudes 59 and 83N, and longitudes 11 and 74W. Greenland retains some ties through its associated relationship with the EU. Higher education is offered in Greenland: "university education" (regulation no. We didnt see a soul, but the abandoned mining town of Ivigtut provides a stark illustration of reaching an environmental limit. While some would decry these technological shifts as a move away from traditional and subsistence practices, others acknowledge that traditional activities are frequently defined unfairly by outsiders in a historic sense, and that changes in technology are inevitable and have always been a way to adapt to changing conditions. English: Approximate area of the Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra. At least four scientific expedition stations and camps had been established on the ice sheet in the ice-covered central part of Greenland (indicated as pale blue in the adjacent map): Eismitte, North Ice, North GRIP Camp and The Raven Skiway. Dogs are expensive to feed, especially in the summer months when theyre not working, and owners may put down their own dogs out of necessity. Kangerlussuaq Airport (SFJ) [133] is the largest airport and the main aviation hub for international passenger transport. An International Relations Perspective", Description of the Greenlandic Self-Government Act on the webpage of the Danish Ministry of State, Greenland takes step toward independence from Denmark, "Greenland takes big step towards full independence", "Tourism Statistics Report 2019, Greenland", "Greenland's Economy Autumn 2020, Summary", "Greenland's economy is poised to rebound in 2021, 2 June 2020", "Greenland Is Approaching Tourism SlowlyAnd Taking Lessons from Iceland, 24 March 2021", "Demographic Yearbook Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area, and density", "WMO verifies 69.6C Greenland temperature as Northern hemisphere record", "Nuuk, Greenland Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast", "IPCC Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis", "American Scientist Online Greenland or Whiteland? [36][37][38][39], From 986, Greenland's west coast was settled by Icelanders and Norwegians, through a contingent of 14 boats led by Erik the Red. The Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra ecoregion (WWF ID: NA1112) covers the coastal areas of northern and eastern Greenland (called Kalaallit Nunaat in the Greenlandic language). The lower soil is permafrost.[4]. 169 af 28. juni 1989 vedrrende oprindelige folk og stammefolk i selvstndige stater", "The World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency", "GDP per capita (Current US$) - Greenland | Data", "Joshua Calder's World Island Information", "mtDNA variation among Greenland Eskimos: the edge of the Beringian expansion", "Population density (people per sq. Greenland is designated as a member of the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) and is thus officially not a part of the European Union, though Greenland can and does receive support from the European Development Fund, Multiannual Financial Framework, European Investment Bank and EU Programmes.[116][117]. A little closer, he said. Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) has been a self-governing country within the Danish Realm since 1979. . It lasted until the total onset of the Thule culture in 1500AD. Gyrfalcon. When it re-established contact with Greenland in the early 17thcentury, Denmark asserted its sovereignty over the island. Around 800BC, the Saqqaq culture disappeared and the Early Dorset culture emerged in western Greenland and the Independence II culture in northern Greenland. In 16051607, King Christian IV of Denmark sent a series of expeditions to Greenland and Arctic waterways to locate the lost eastern Norse settlement and assert Danish sovereignty over Greenland. It is stronger than the familiar Irish dessert coffee. We feature fascinating species, inspiring climate heroes, and impactful projects from around the world led by individuals and community organizations who are making the vision of a green, resilient future a reality. About one-third of the region is covered by mosses and lichens, and another 3% by herbaceous vegetation and shrubs. The party system was dominated by the social-democratic Forward Party, and the democratic socialist Inuit Community Party, both of which broadly argue for greater independence from Denmark. https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na1113, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Greenland_National_Park. Kalaallit Nunaat High Arctic TundraBy: Aspen Hand. Studies have identified eight types of vegetation on the east coast from 72 to 79 N: Over 71% of the ecoregion is officially protected. [171], In the 1960s and 1970s, at a time when the population was increasing, 4,500 Greenland Inuit women and girls (roughly half of all fertile females) were fitted with Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) by Danish doctors. Scholarships are granted to Greenlandic students who are admitted to Danish educational institutions. Arriving in Qeqertarsuaq, I spotted many dog sledges waiting in yards around town. [5][6] There is less precipitation than in the south. Whale bone arches are prominent in Greenlandic towns, and several species of whale are an important part of Greenlandic diet. [160] According to Operation World, just 4.7% of Greenlanders are Evangelical Christian, although the Evangelical population is growing at an annual rate of 8.4%. These include iron, uranium, aluminium, nickel, platinum, tungsten, titanium, and copper. Formerly consisting of three counties comprising a total of 18 municipalities, Greenland abolished these in 2009 and has since been divided into large territories known as "municipalities" (Greenlandic: kommuneqarfiit, Danish: kommuner): Sermersooq ("Much Ice") around the capital Nuuk and also including all East Coast communities; Kujalleq ("South") around Cape Farewell; Qeqqata ("Centre") north of the capital along the Davis Strait; Qeqertalik ("The one with islands") surrounding Disko Bay; and Avannaata ("Northern") in the northwest; the latter two having come into being as a result of the Qaasuitsup municipality, one of the original four, being partitioned in 2018. Greenlandic became the sole official language in June 2009. While Greenlandic is dominant in all smaller settlements, a part of the population of Inuit or multi-ethnic ancestry, especially in towns, speaks Danish. The Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra ecoregion (WWF ID: NA1112) covers the coastal areas of northern and eastern Greenland (called Kalaallit Nunaat in the Greenlandic language ). Barley was grown as a crop up to the 70thparallel. [d] It is one of three constituent countries that form the Kingdom of Denmark, along with Denmark and the Faroe Islands; the citizens of these countries are all citizens of Denmark and the European Union. The Danish government still retains control of citizenship, monetary policy and foreign affairs including defence. 8 of 13 May 1993 and Regulation No. [3], The ecoregion covers the southern coastal fringe of Greenland, from a high of 75 N latitude at Melville Bay, around the southern coast to 70 N at Scoresby Bay on the east coast. The only exception is a gravel road of 4.8km (3mi) length between Kangilinnguit and the now abandoned former cryolite mining town of Ivittuut. Grasslands, which dry out in summer, have wideleaf polargrass, Bigelows sedge, shortleaved sedge, and narrowleaf cottongrass. Vilhjalmur Stefansson, "Norse society's structure created a conflict between the short-term interests of those in power, and the long-term interests of the society as a whole. [citation needed] Greenland's ducks and geese include common eider, long-tailed duck, king eider, white-fronted goose, pink-footed goose and barnacle goose. Colourful summer flowers, Aappilattoq, 2017.jpg 1,920 1,080; 502 KB. Only 9 species of terrestrial mammals occur in GreenlandArctic fox, Arctic wolf, polar bear, wolverine, reindeer (caribou), musk ox, ermine, Arctic hare, and northern collared lemmingbut several of these were blocked by ice from dispersing to southern Greenland. Greenland is right above North America, and to the the right a little. Icelandair operates flights from Reykjavk to a number of airports in Greenland, and the company promotes the service as a day-trip option from Iceland for tourists. Only 33% of this ecoregion is protected, within Northeast Greenland National Park, but some 60% of the area outside protected areas is still intact. ", Andrews Kurth LLP, "Oil and Gas in Greenland Still on Ice? [122] On 21 January 1968, a B-52G, with four nuclear bombs aboard as part of Operation Chrome Dome, crashed on the ice of the North Star Bay while attempting an emergency landing at Thule Air Base. Once a large site for Cryolite, used in extracting aluminum and crucial for aircraft production in WWII, the deposit was completely depleted by 1987 and the town abandoned. Of the other groups, the lichens are the most diverse, with about 950 species; there are 600700 species of fungi; mosses and bryophytes are also found. 3 Map of biomes of the world with Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine tundra in purple. As sea ice continues to thin, it is more and more likely Greenland will find itself a part of major shipping routes, which would bring with it a significant influx of people and infrastructure. Other plants dominate snowbeds, fellfields, and organic crusts. The procedure was also carried out on some Inuit girls at boarding schools in Denmark. Northeast Greenland National Park. What's unique about it is that is has a Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra and a Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra, it's . The northeastern part of Greenland is not part of any municipality, but it is the site of the world's largest national park, Northeast Greenland National Park.[90]. English is another important language for Greenland, taught in schools from the first school year.[152]. Image credit: Courtesy of Morton Kilsholm, President and Chief Scientist, Florida Institute for Conservation Science. On 8 April 1941, the United States occupied Greenland to defend it against a possible invasion by Germany. More islets are likely to appear as the sheet of frozen water covering the world's largest island continues to melt". These swiftly established sixteen parishes, some monasteries, and a bishopric at Garar. Hold her right there; pass me the hatchet." Ice chips started flying. Greenland is the only country in the Americas where natives make up a majority of the population. Hildesheim: Olms, 1968. fourth largest country subdivision in the world, Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Greenland, special territories of the European Union, Greenland left the European Economic Community, Human rights in Denmark Indigenous rights, Danish national final for the 1979 Eurovision Song Contest, "03EM/01.25.01-50 Sprgsml til Landsstyret: Hvornr fremstter Landsstyret beslutning om Grnlands", TV 2 Nyhederne "Grnland gr over til selvstyre", "Bekendtgrelse af ILO-konvention nr. This iceberg was about the size of a city block, and the small pieces in the water crackled loudly. Icelandic saga accounts of life in Greenland were composed in the 13th century and later, and do not constitute primary sources for the history of early Norse Greenland. Greenland has the second-largest ice cap in the world, covering 75-80%, following Antarctica, the largest island on Earth. Greenland's connection to Denmark was severed on 9 April 1940, early in World WarII, after Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany. Under the patronage of the Royal Mission College in Copenhagen, Norwegian and Danish Lutherans and German Moravian missionaries searched for the missing Norse settlements, but no Norse were found, and instead they began preaching to the Inuit. The government is the Naalakkersuisut whose members are appointed by the premier. The Norse settlements, such as Brattahl, thrived for centuries but disappeared sometime in the 15th century, perhaps at the onset of the Little Ice Age. At the head of fjords where the climate is warmer, sheltered areas in the southwest support scrub and low forests dominated by green alder, downy birch, and Greenland mountain ash. 10 of 25 October 1990, linguistic integration in primary and lower secondary schools became compulsory for all students. Print. The drum could also be used by shamans for ritual conjurations of spirits. Education is organized in a similar way to Denmark. [98] Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6cm (2.4in) each year between 1994 and 2005. Other resolutions: 144 240 pixels | 288 480 pixels | 461 768 pixels | 614 1,024 pixels | 1,229 . The first, and still the largest, is Buksefjord hydroelectric power plant. However, many boaters who are new to arctic waters choose to get too close to icebergs, or make risky decisions in areas with pack ice. Denmark refused to sell it. About one-third of the region is covered by mosses and lichens, and another 3% by . To do this, the drum dancer would make faces and try to make others laugh until all fear was forgotten. Many Greenlanders attend universities in Denmark or elsewhere. Also evident is the way that the opening up of the Arctic, along with an increasingly interconnected world, means change for many aspects of Greenlandic life and an onslaught of people and development. I fell in love with the rugged landscape of Greenland; Kalaallit Nunaat as it is called in Greenlandic. However, at the same time, alcohol prices are far higher, meaning that consumption has a large social impact. Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra Abiotic 1: Temperature: The temperature in this region rarely break 5 degrees Celsius in the summer. Subsistence hunting is now managed more carefully. Greenland's flora consists of about 500 species of "higher" plants, i.e. [59][60] In the 21st century, the United States remains interested in investing in the resource base of Greenland and in tapping hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast. Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra map.svg 300 500; 107 KB. [180], Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (KNR) is the public broadcasting company of Greenland. The singer-songwriter Simon Lynge is the first musical artist from Greenland to have an album released across the United Kingdom, and to perform at the UK's Glastonbury Festival. [179] Greenlandic coffee is a "flaming" dessert coffee (set alight before serving) made with coffee, whiskey, Kahla, Grand Marnier, and whipped cream. [1][2][3][4], The ecoregion covers the coastal fringe of Greenland, from 75 N latitude at Melville Bay, around the northern coast to 70 N at Scoresby Bay on the east coast. All towns and settlements of Greenland are situated along the ice-free coast, with the population being concentrated along the west coast. There is ten year mandatory primary school. ", "The history of Greenland From dog sled to snowmobile", "Migration to Greenland the history of Greenland", "A Comment on the Pre-Dorset/Dorset Transition in the Eastern Arctic", "The Dorset culture of the eastern Arctic", "Twin ice cores from Greenland reveal history of climate change, more", "Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies", "Inuit were not the first people to settle in the Arctic", "Robert J. Walker on Acquiring Greenland and Iceland", "Let's Buy Greenland! These winds expose vegetation and are beneficial to herbivores such as reindeer and musk ox. States: Denmark: Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat). Tensions have arisen in recent years in regard to Denmarks membership in the International Whaling Commission (IWC), and the IWCs refusal to grant an extension to Greenland for its moratorium on hunting large whales. GOH also serves international flights to Iceland, business and private airplanes. Modern artisans still use indigenous materials such as musk ox and sheep wool, seal fur, shells, soapstone, reindeer antlers or gemstones. Image credit: Creative Commons. Most airports including Nuuk Airport have short runways and can only be served by special fairly small aircraft on fairly short flights. flowering plants, ferns, horsetails and lycopodiophyta. [65] The missiles were never fielded, and necessary consent from the Danish Government to do so was never sought. Danish policies toward Greenland consisted of a strategy of cultural assimilation or de-Greenlandification. The coastal bands south of this are in the Kalaallit Nunaat low arctic tundra ecoregion. About one-third of the region is covered by mosses and lichens, and another 3% by herbaceous vegetation and shrubs. [28] The Kalaallit are the indigenous Greenlandic Inuit who inhabit the country's western region. The Kalaallit Nunaat high arctic tundra ecoregion (WWF ID: NA1112) covers the coastal areas of northern and eastern Greenland (called Kalaallit Nunaat in the Greenlandic language). That portion of the Greenlander population willing to adopt Inuit ways and means intermarried with and assimilated into the Inuit community. While the older sled dogs were not pets to be cuddled, it turned out these two werent so ruthless. Home rule was granted in 1979. It doesnt take a lot of imagination to visualize how changing sea levels will impact coastal communities like Qeqertarsuaq. Image credits: (1) Rita Willaert, Creative Commons (2) Courtesy of Jerzy Strzelecki, President and Chief Scientist, Florida Institute for Conservation Science. However, climate change and oil production are now major threats. Notable rock provinces (metamorphic igneous rocks, ultramafics, and anorthosites) are found on the southwest coast at Qeqertarsuatsiaat. Ecosystems of the World: Polar and Alpine Tundra. In Kalaallit Nunaat high Arctic tundra, the vegetation growth correlates positively with both AP and AO-P. Normally, Greenlandic is taught from kindergarten to the end of secondary school, but Danish is compulsory from the first cycle of primary school as a second language. Phytogeographically, Greenland belongs to the Arctic province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. The driest areas are often those closest to the ice-cap; such areas have a dwarf-scrub heath or steppe vegetation. 2002. [120], In 1995, a political scandal in Denmark occurred after a report revealed the government had given tacit permission for nuclear weapons to be located in Greenland, in contravention of Denmark's 1957 nuclear-free zone policy. [162][163] Another significant social issue faced by Greenland is a high rate of alcoholism. In 2003, a small island, 35m 15m (115ft 49ft) in length and width, was discovered by arctic explorer Dennis Schmitt and his team at the coordinates of 83-42. This bilingualism policy has been in force since 1994. Inuktun is closer to the Inuit languages of Canada than it is to other Greenlandic, and some linguists consider Tunumiit to be a separate language as well. The Danish government had maintained a strict monopoly of Greenlandic trade, allowing no more than small scale barter trading with British whalers. The non-binding 2008 referendum on self-governance favouring increased self-governance and autonomy was passed winning 76.22% of the vote. Fauna Nuuk 2010.jpg. Greenland is abundant in minerals. The most common tree native to Greenland is the European white birch (Betula pubescens) along with gray-leaf willow (Salix glauca), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), common juniper (Juniperus communis) and other smaller trees, mainly willows. On these ice-free coastal strips are sediments formed in the Precambrian, overprinted by metamorphism and now formed by glaciers, which continue into the Cenozoic and Mesozoic in parts of the island. Dont let this picture fool you: we were well behind this iceberg in case it capsized. Ecosystems of the World: Polar and Alpine Tundra. One thing is certain: as the world opens up, its not just easier to share technology, culture and ideas; it is also easier to levy different values and ethical judgments on dissimilar cultures. Greenland also has a successful, albeit small, music culture. Arctic Desert, High Arctic Tundra, and Kalaallit Nunaat High Arctic Tundra; Figure 1b), -diversity was also low (Table 1). Click the button below to launch One Earth's interactive navigator and discover your Bioregion! Arctic steppe constitutes a relic of the once widespread dry mammoth steppe of the Pleistocene glacial periods. [159], The Roman Catholic minority is pastorally served by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Copenhagen. [97] Between 1991 and 2004, monitoring of the weather at one location (Swiss Camp) showed that the average winter temperature had risen almost 6C (11F). The retreat of the Jakobshavn Glacier has been well documented, and made headlines worldwide in 2015 for potentially calving some of its largest pieces of ice ever. Bluie was the military code name for Greenland. Other mineral prospects are improving as prices are increasing. [5][6] Due to the East Greenland Current, the east coast is colder than the west coast. The climate of the ecoregion is Tundra climate (Kppen climate classification ET), a local climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow (0 C (32 F)), but no month with an average temperature in excess of 10 C (50 F). Of that, approximately 47.5 million is tundra. [83] In Nuuk, the average daily temperature varies over the seasons from 5.1 to 9.9C (22.8 to 49.8F)[84] The total area of Greenland is 2,166,086km2 (836,330sqmi) (including other offshore minor islands), of which the Greenland ice sheet covers 1,755,637km2 (677,855sqmi) (81%) and has a volume of approximately 2,850,000km3 (680,000cumi). On the west coast, the relatively warmer climate supports a dwarf-scrub heath and steppe-like vegetation.
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