(Coast Guard: Seabag: A large green canvas bag issued to the sailor during boot camp as part of his uniform issue, the nearest civilian equivalent would be a suit case or several pieces of luggage, the seabag is constructed to hold close to 150 lbs. POG: (Person Other than Grunt) A term often used by Marine Infantry (Grunts) to refer to anyone who is not them. Ladderwell: Stairs. Splash: Name earned by a sailor who has had the good fortune to be recovered after accidentally falling overboard until the ship returns home from deployment. Generally not considered to be a good situation. As in "Shit can that chit, you're not getting any liberty.". Differs from leave (see above) in that one must stay close to one's home station and it is generally much shorter. Loop, Looper: An officer, usually a LT or LCDR, who is an admiral's aide. Anyone who has been designated with this nickname is most likely a lifer who has no life outside the navy. All-16ths: an adjustable wrench. Single up: To remove one 'loop' line of a doubled-up line, so that only a single line remains. Historically, the CH-46 Sea Knight (see "Phrog") was used for such resupply, although any aircraft with a cargo hook installed can do. There is a long list of slang that different branches of service used to name members of other branches of the service. Squids, Jarheads, Grunts, a Triced Up: Trapped in a rack more cramped then usual, as a result of shipmates opening one's rack while one is sleeping in it (after they discover one forgot to secure it shut before getting in). The Boat: Airdale term for the ship their airwing is attached to. They usually return with a sore arm, courtesy of a Hull Technician who is in on the joke. Machinery Repairmen are skilled machine tool operators. (1) Good sea stories should involve creative embellishment, inasmuch as one should tell it better than the guy one heard it from, with oneself (or an un-named "buddy") as the new star. (1974), Boot Camp: Term used to refer to the eight week basic training course held at Recruit Training Command, Great Lakes, Illinois. Ice Cream Social: Ice cream that is typically served at 2100 on the mess decks on Sundays when underway. They have small, useless metal handles on the side, and are perfectly sized so that one has to turn them at an angle to get through a knee knocker without grazing one's knuckles. Junior Chief: Pejorative term to describe junior enlisted person who is kissing ass for a promotion or on a power trip, or both. Fried Calamari: A sailor who has been electrocuted. JO-JO: Pronounced "joe-joe." Also called Fast Attack boats, also Saturdays, Sundays, and Nights, for their operating schedule. Used pejoratively if the officer in question is overly proud of this fact. USS In-Port Royal: The USS Port Royal (CG-73). Alpha Inspection: Formal inspection of uniforms and living spaces. : Fuck It, I Got My Orders: A refusal of a long or tough assignment near the end of a duty rotation. May be followed by a "wetting down. R2D2: Dome-shaped Phalanx CIWS system, after the visually similar. Short Timer's Chain: A chain that hangs from the belt of a "short timer" for all to see, with one link representing a day, signifying too short to care, and usually starting with 30 links. This is a no shi++er: (Which means its the God's honest, truth.) During WWII, sailors called Marines (and only Marines) "Jarheads". After consideri ", FOD Walk Down: A periodic, organized search on an aircraft carrier flight deck or hangar deck looking for debris that a jet engine might ingest. Originated during World War II when Admiral "Bull" Halsey designated one officer to oversee wardroom functions. The term is used in boot camp to refer to female masturbation. Retired RMs may have a ZUT certificate or even a ZUT tattoo. Alpha fires leave ash. It is typically made to disappear 30 seconds before it is needed, sending junior enlisted crewmembers into a panic that the mast will hit the bridge under which the ship is about to pass. Even so, some distinctively Australian Navy terms have been produced. Place of arrival for ships. Hockey pucks: Swedish meatballs (also, trail markers, porcupines, road apples). Also "Jarhead.". Sierra Hotel: Phonetic letters for SH, which stands for "Shit Hot." : Fucked Up Ridiculous Educational Device: The computer that graded the teletype capabilities of those going through Radioman "A" School. Water wars: Water fights in the engineering spaces, including the use of hot brine, disassembling ventilation ducting, rigging temporary air hoses, and dumping trash cans full of water on the deck. C.L.I.P. // ]]> Join our newsletter received by other visitors who are preparing for their military career! V3 Division: Aircraft Handlers on the Hangar Deck. Used to describe a piece of equipment that no longer functions and is "out of commission.". also,"Forever Fucking Gone", A frigate which spends more time underway than in port. Brown Shoe: Term used to describe aviation community officers and senior enlisted members, due to the dark brown footwear worn with khaki uniforms and aviation winter working green uniforms. Also used as another in-joke to send new sailors on a wild goose chase. Kick start (a deck seaman): Surreptitious corporal punishment applied by driving one's boot down the shin of the offending seaman to encourage better and faster work. Alpha Dogs: Refers to Alpha Company, a division of vehicle operators and mechanics within the Naval Mobile Construction Battalions, also known as the Fighting Seabees. Bubblehead: A sailor in the Submarine service. Pushbutton: Term applied to a 6 year enlistee with advanced schooling. Action Guy: A SEAL, SWCC, EOD, Diver or Recon Corpsman type. Often performed with a white glove and a black sock. It is permissible to take one when a ship is pierside connected to pier water and sewer, if no one else is waiting for the shower. Monkey fist: A Turks head knot tied in a rope to add weight and mass to a heaving line. (3) Issued wool peacoat. L.T.D.B: "Living the Dream, Baby." From your Navy superiors. Twelve are served per table. Generally a lazy navy cook phones it in by opening an industrial size can of ravioli and dumps out a couple loaves of white bread and calls it good. COMMO: Communications Officer: The officer in charge of the Communications Division. Generally refers to the ship's engineering plant being online, e.g. No-Ps are pilots who have not qualified for 3P. VA: Fixed wing attack Aircraft Squadrons. This slogan was adopted by Reactor Departments on CVNs in response to the Aviation Ordnance slogan "IYAOYAS. Nonskid Wax: A fictitious substance used for waxing non-skid decks, something junior sailors are sent looking for. Examples: "Hey, this is no shit, but I once blah blah blah" or "Hey this is a no-shitter, I got a buddy who once blah blah blah", NUG: New Useless Guy. VAQ: Fixed Wing Electronic Attack aircraft Squadrons. Tweek and Peak: To fine tune something (uniform, rack, hair, etc); usually for inspection preparation. The most junior officer aboard ship, who has to handle the most demeaning or illegal duties demanded by HQ. Squared Away: (name for) a sailor who is always "squared away," meaning always having a perfect shave, perfectly ironed uniform, spit-shined shoes, haircut with less than 1mm of hair, spotless uniform, etc. It is usually kept under the mattress and can stand up on its own by the end of cruise. Can be outdated classic rock that was never really popular in the first place, or cool music, depending on the ship's commanding officer. Lobster: A female sailor. Coffin Locker: A personal storage area located underneath a sailor's rack. OBA: Oxygen Breathing Apparatus. This term may be used pejoratively (see Pogey bait), as no one but Marines are interested in pogues or baiting homosexuals. V2 Division: Maintenance of Catapults and Arresting Gear. Cheating was not allowed, and some how would be found out quickly by means of the "honey-ko telegraph. Love Boat: (1) A sub tender crewed primarily by female sailors; see also "Tuna Boat." Mystery Shitter: An intoxicated sailor who returns from the beach and is unable to safely reach the head, defecates in random locations prior to climbing into his or her rack to sleep it off. (especially Marines) generally called sailors. Webnoun, plural (especially collectively) squid, (especially referring to two or more kinds or species) squids. Refers to anything impressive or greatly exceeding what is required. This is almost always used when ashore. i.e. "Take that and give it the float test". becomes "You are a shitbag, dammit. An animal that floats on top of the ocean and shits on all "Marine" life. Both types of LSO are referred to as "Paddles.". AOL: Absent Over Leave; Navyspeak for AWOL. They make replacement parts and repair or overhaul ship's engines and auxiliary systems. Haole: Pronounced "How-Lee" Hawaiian term for non-native. Queer: Nickname for the EA-6B Prowler. Checks Five-Oh: Excellent, in proper working order. Bolter: Failed attempt at an arrested landing on a carrier by a fixed-wing aircraft. The Commanding Officer usually wears a special pin on his pocket designating him Command Afloat, or Command Ashore. Flattop: Aircraft carrier. Constant Bearing Decreasing Range (CBDR): A term used to indicate that an object or ship viewed on radar, or visually from the deck or bridge of one's own ship is getting closer but maintaining the same relative bearing. Mando Commando: Sailor assigned mandatory physical training (Mando PT or FEP) for being overweight or failing the Physical Readiness Test. (USMC) A 50/50 solution of Skin-So-Soft & alcohol used during drill to repel sand fleas at Paris Island. ;dop kit; douche kit. (3) Control Unit No-go Test. Doc: Nickname and term of respect given to Hospital Corpsman by their shipmates and Marines. In an alternative version one will be pregnant. Stroked Chit: Refers to a form of point deduction during boot camp, a stroked chit is a loss of five points to the company per grading period (one week) until Pass in Review. Cruise boo: A sailor's underway spouse/girlfriend/boyfriend. "Boot ensign.". Douche down: To wash, usually using fresh water. "Being a Monkey Mate is a lot easier than being a BT.". Often still used by a "dirt sailor." Can also be used to describe someone or something that stopped functioning. Originally used in reference to the daily order for a ship underway to go out past the 50-mile-from-shore line in order to legally pump oily water from bilges and dump trash, this can no longer be done. Originally a Torpedo Boat Destroyer, then later, just Destroyer. PRT: Physical Readiness Test. "Do we have any nighttime evolutions this underway?" Stand By: To wait, can also be to foreshadow chastisement or punishment from a superior. PQS: Personnel Qualification Standards, a card carrying various qualifications for a warfare badge or similar. The beak of the eagle can be used as an emergency bottle opener. Also called Vitamin M and Grunt Candy, the latter especially when dispensed to Marines. Gigged: Having suffered a point deduction in Boot Camp for an unsatisfactory personal, uniform, or bunk or locker inspection. This is clearly demonstrated as the O-4 is constantly nodding in the affirmative and saying, Yessir, yessir when in the presence of the CO. H.M.F.I.C. Lieu-fucking-tenant: Illustrates Navy practice of including a swear word INSIDE another word. Dear John (or Jane) Letter: A letter (or nowadays, e-mail) that a sailor receives in which his or her significant other breaks up with or leaves him or her whilst the latter is deployed. WebAnymouse: Slang for anonymous. Non-Qual Navy: Derisive term used by Naval Aviators, Submariners, and SEALs to describe the Surface Navy. Vultures' Row: The place from which people can watch flight operations without being in the way, typically the O-7 to O-9 level on an aircraft carrier's island. CAVU: Ceiling and Visibility Unlimited: Perfect flying weather. To drop out of a voluntary program such as aviation or submarines. Telling the LPO you're going up to the calibration shop for awhile but head up to the roach coach instead? SSN: Submarine, Nuclear, class of ship. Helmet Fire: When a pilot becomes so task saturated in the cockpit that he loses the big picture and situational awareness (SA). Monkey cum: White scrubbing liquid used to clean grease pencil from status boards. Humped the bunk: Screwed up. NAVCIVLANT/NAVCIVPAC: Described as where a soon to be departing sailor from active duty's next station will be. Barely Trainable: Derogatory term for a Boiler Technician (BT). Airwing only workups include trips to NAS Fallon and NAS Key West. Liberty Hound: A sailor who conspires to or is able to take extra liberty, or who enjoys liberty more than anything else. Hot Wash - An immediate after-action or exercise critique. Useless piece of machinery. ZUG: Negative. The term is also used of sailors who enlist in Advanced Electronics or Nuclear training tracks, as these also require a 6 year commitment. See "R2D2." A-Farts is received via satellite all over the world and offers a variety of shows. Used when a sailor has his hands in his pockets. 2MC: Engineering loudspeaker circuit. Refering to the senior ranking person for an assigned duty or task. Also known as a "Butt Shark.". More Terms (without the wordy explanations), Coastie a member of the Coast Guard (which I dont write much about, because right now theyre part of the Department of Homeland Security, until we go back to war), Swabbie another term for a Navy sailor. Working Party: When there is loading of supplies, the Quarterdeck will call for a "working party" to be manned by each division of the ship, the number depending on the task. Also possibly named to represent a generator that is providing no power to the system and therefore not taking on its share of the load. The term refers to the aquatic animal and how it can swim fast in a straight line but similar to inexperienced motorcyclists, have trouble quickly changing directions. Websquid. Fuck Off." ", Dipsy Dumpster: what a shitbag sailor crawls out of, before going up to quarters, watch, liberty, etc. I tried to be one but I didn't score high enough on my ASVAB VX: Fixed Wing Experimental Aircraft Squadrons. Ricky Heaven: A number of restaurants and entertainment venues found in a single building at boot camp, so called because only graduates of boot camp may go there. Can also have a second F added to the end, when used in this context it means ", Dimed/Diming out/Dropping dimes: Comes from dropping a dime in a pay phone to make a call. PT: Physical Training. Such a sailor will likely be restricted to the ship at the next liberty port. Tits Up: Broke-dick, inoperable, dead (from some piece of equipment being "flat on its back"). This can be for a variety of reasons: Medical, personal, disciplinary, etc. BMOS: Big Man On Ship: Often refers to the ship's Captain. Mt. Elephant Scabs: Veal Parmesan. Urban Dictionary: Seabees Seabees One of the U.S. Navy's best assests. AOL: Absent Over Leave; Navyspeak for AWOL. XO: Executive Officer: The second-in-Command of a ship, aviation squadron or shore command, second in authority to the Commanding Officer. The nickname is based on its color and flavor. "Got your six": looking out for your or your buddy's ass; refers to a clock dial. Scupper Trout: Sewage solids which have washed overboard, or have been pumped overboard. ", TAD or TDY: Temporary Additional Duty or Temporary Duty, "Take suction on a seat cushion:" alternative form of "pucker factor. Differs from "VERTREP.". On ships equipped with small boats, the First Lieutenant or "First" (First Division Officer or Deck Department Head) is in charge of these boats and the sailors who maintain and run them. ", USMC: A person's head. Lifer Dog: (See "Lifer," above) "Call me an asshole, call me a cocksucker, call me a son-of-a-bitch; just don't call me a Lifer Dog.". The series of books; 43P-1, 43P-2, 43P-3 & 43P-4 were separate books covering all aspects of maintenance. Brain Fart: A condition when, under stress, one cannot recall or perform something that would normally be easy or second nature. Squid bikes are usually decorated with LDOs need their Good Conduct ribbons every bit as much as Linus needs his security blanket. : Head Mother Fucker In Charge. crud: An upper respiratory infection usually caught in boot camp by new recruits bringing viruses from all over the country. Drop your cocks and grab your socks: A saying that the petty officer of the watch yells in the sleeping quarters when it's time for everyone to get up. USS Lake Cham Pain: The USS Lake Champlain. Screwing the Pooch: Making a huge mistake. Hot Racking or Hot Bunking: Submariners share racks. Fleet equivalent is "Nub," "Newbie," or "Hey Shitbird.". Often used when situations, as can be normal, repeat themselves but more often when you just know you are about to get it again from the Command. Sometimes referred to as "Tango Uniform". U.S. Air Force Master Sgt. Generally only applied to someone who has earned the speaker's respect. Can be "simulated" for a non-hazing by equal connotation. (2) A blowjob. IE or Modified GQ, relaxed GQ condition during extended GQ period, primarily to allow chow; II: Similar to IA, for extended Naval Gunfire Support; III: Wartime cruising, higher state of readiness with some battle stations manned; IV: normal (peacetime) underway watch. Glow worm: A surface fleet name for nuclear machinist's mates. Many sailors find this amusing until it happens to them. Example: The F-5 usually lands skosh on fuel. Also known as pounded the pooch or popped the puppie. VC: Fixed Wing Composite aircraft squadrons. A common-sense way of saving it is to wet down while taking a shower and then TURN OFF THE WATER. Also used to indicate one who is in a bad mood "What's wrong with him?" Reefer: (1) A refrigeration ship carrying frozen foods. Yes, you know the kind, 100 sailors go out, 50 couples come back, or it aint gay if its under way, and many, Flying the Bravo: Menstruating; from the signal flag, which is all-red, one meaning of which is "I am discharging dangerous goods." ", Black Shoe: Sometimes shortened to just "Shoe." Reveille: An announcement over the 1MC at 0600 local time, bugle call, trumpet call or pipes call, most often associated with the military; it is chiefly used to wake military personnel at sunrise. Drive On! All of these were later designated as Cruisers. Tiger Team: Junior enlisted of all ratings (E-3 and below) who are tasked to clean the engine room prior to inspection, such as GITMO Refresher training or evaluation. Goat Fuck Operation: A situation in which every possible aspect fails or goes "sideways". Derived from when the blocks on a block and tackle are together and can not lift any higher. : People Against People Ever Reenlisting Civilian Life Is Preferable. Used to be called "Company Commander.". Some Instructors at Naval Nuclear Power School are Limited Duty Officers, but are commissioned immediately upon completion of college, as opposed to LDOs that have spent time in the enlisted ranks. B.D.N.W.W. "Grab the donkey and fuel the bird." The following are some examples of the slang of the United States Navy, you will also see references to the United States Marine Corps as well because of their use of naval terminology sometimes also referred to as NAVSpeak. Named for the Magnetic Anomaly Detector that sticks out from the tail of the aircraft. This is just point of fact, and shouldnt necessarily be viewed as anything other than amusing. Pollywog: An individual who has not crossed the, Poopsick: Anything undesirable, specifically feeling seasick. Cinderella Liberty: Liberty that expires at midnight. When the wardroom is short on baby Ensigns and/or in shipyard overhaul periods the 1st Lt may be a Chief Petty Officer. Numb Nuts (Derogatory) Nick Name for the USS Nimitz (CVN68), Nut to butt: Standing in line, close quarters, body to body, each man's chest pressed to the back of the man ahead, or "nut to butt.". Fleet Up: When a second in command takes his senior's place upon that senior's transfer, retirement, or other re-assignment. WESTPAC: While this usually refers to the western Pacific area of operations, it can also refer to a type of deployment in which a unit heads to multiple locations throughout said area. Shit-on-a-shingle: Creamed chipped beef on toast. Never washed, except as a prank by disgruntled juniors. Trident: Special Warfare Insignia earned by Navy SEALS. Consists of classroom and pool instruction and culminates with the dreaded "Dilbert Dunker" and "Helo Dunker. Place where food is prepared for consumption. The cold shoulders from civilians persist in certain Navy towns. ", Di-LDO: (Direct input Limited Duty Officer) Term students use for a loathed LDO instructor. (2) (Derogatory) Nickname for the USS Forrestal (CV 59) after the fire on 29 July 1967 that killed 134 sailors and injured 161 on the aircraft carrier. See also "Salty," below. (3) ("Submarine Service") Forward Area Gentleman: A crewman serving in the forward part of the submarine, a non-Nuke. Titivate: To spruce up or clean up the ship and its company. Comes from the Powertrol valve used in AFFF firefighting systems. Fart Suit: Dry suit worn by aviators when flying over cold water. River Rat: Crew member of a brown water boat or patrol craft. JARTGO: Just Another Reason To Get Out. Punishment for screwing up or being a Rock. Named, due to its apparent high cholesterol content, for Mr. Barney Clark, who in 1982 received a "Jarvik" artificial heart. Smoking Sponson: Designated smoking area aboard aircraft carriers, usually right below the flight deck on the exterior of the ship's hull. Ricky Crud: (1) A one-night sickness which sailors acquire in bootcamp after receiving their smallpox vaccinations. "), Pier tender: A ship that never gets under way. See CAPTAIN'S MAST. Term referred to newly reported sailors with no qualifications or experience. Also, a joke played on new sailors, who are told to obtain a coil of it (line being the Navy word for rope). Shit Can, Shitcan: Either the name for a trash can, or the act of throwing something into the trash. Roach Coach: A snack or lunch truck that stops at each pier where the ships are berthed. JOPA: Junior Officer Protection Association. Drop a Chit: The act of filling out a request chit. Its Army and Air Force equivalent is warrant officer (WO).. Tronchaser: Those in the AT (primarily I Level) rate who work on Navy avionics. ( skd) n. an earnest student; a collegiate wimp. Operation GOLDENFLOW: A command-wide urinalysis test. Jack Off Curtain: The small privacy curtain hanging on the outside of a rack. Such a lax procedure could spell doom for a sinking ship if hatches were not absolutely watertight.) Follies are held about every 6 to 8 weeks while on deployment. Example: Watch Officer-"What is pH?" "So what happened on your watch?" TWT: Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier: A component used in DECM/ECM equipment. For example 2 sets of 2 bells, followed by a single bell (5 total) could be 0230, 0630, 1030, 1430, 1830, or 2230. PD-8: Fictitious valve requested to be found by junior sailor in order for an engineering qualification to be signed off. Bilge Water: Something spoken that is nonsense or ridiculous. i.e. Color Company: The recruit company in boot camp that maintains the highest score through the entire eight week evolution; they are given three days special liberty unmonitored. VP: Fixed Wing Patrol Aircraft Squadrons. The term refers to the aquatic animal and or a dirt sailor's sleeping bag. This is usually done intentionally when flying with an Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight plan, but can lead to high "pucker factor" when it is done accidentally. Brig Chaser: The sailor who escorts a prisoner to the brig. Circa 1981. WESTPAC widow: Sailor's wife looking for a temporary fling, often with another sailor. UNODIR: Unless Otherwise Directed; enables, Unicorn: An officer with a particularly rare designator (i.e. Also see "cannon ball.". "I understand and I will comply.". There are generally four runs that must be successfully completed. This person would be given the title of "Honorary S.N.O.B.". On a carrier, this officer stands just to the port side of the landing area and talks to each pilot as he makes his approach for an arrested landing. Must be signed off by a superior or expert. An expression used in the face of adversity, meaning that regardless of the setback you are going to continue anyway! It is sounded during flag ceremonies and funerals, generally on bugle or trumpet. Blue Roper (also: Blue Rope): A sailor that is in training to be a Recruit Division Commander, so called because of the blue rope they wear on the right sleeve. VF: Fixed Wing Fighter Aircraft Squadrons. Mighty Battle Pig: Nickname for USS WS Sims (FF-1059) "Mighty Battle Frigate.". HT Punch: A mythical tool newbies are asked to fetch from the engineering spaces. Department: Highest organizational level in most naval commands. Workups: 1- to 6-week periods preceding a deployment during which the ship and/or its airwing practice and prepare. NAMI Whammy: Slang for the incredibly in-depth two-day flight physical given to all prospective aviators at the Naval Aeromedical Institute at NAS Pensacola. M.A.S.H. Hinge: Slang for an O-4, or lieutenant commander (LCDR). The Pond: The Deep Blue Sea. VA Veterans Administration / Department of Veterans Affairs: A department of the US Federal Government that assists military veterans with medical care, educational benefits for college of technical training, home loans, burial, etc. Constipation: Derogatory name for USS CONSTELLATION (CV-64). A water craft small enough to be carried on a ship (ships themselves may only be called boats by members of the crew who have completed a deployment). EIDWS: Enlisted Information Dominance Warfare Specialist. Sailor 1: "What are you having for chow?" General Quarters (GQ): Set to prepare a ship for battle or during a serious casualty such as a main engineering space fire. Make a Hole: An informal way for an Enlisted person to get through a passage way that is blocked by other personnel. So called because most of the meat of a lobster is in its tail. AD: Aviation Machinist Mate, one who throws wrenches at aircraft and prays to mech gods for a favorable outcome. Clobbered: of a landing pattern or comms frequency at a field or ship: filled to capacity, such that one can't get an aircraft or a word in edgewise. ". 4MC: Emergency communications circuit that overrides sound powered phone communications to alert controlling stations to a casualty. Ricky Girlfriend: A male sailor's hand, used to masturbate. Goes from lower ranking (Seaman, Fireman, Airman) to higher ranking (LPO, LCPO) up the chain of command. Dog zebra: Closing fittings or doors for light discipline at night. Non-skid: A rough epoxy coating used for grip on weather decks. Standard Navy Redundancy Standard. Admin: Aviation,Pre-arranged meeting point, or shared hotel in-port. Word Shitter: Another name for those embossing label makers. Battle Racks: (term for) when mission-exhausted Aviators are allowed to sleep through General Quarters. Magic Smoke: Substance that makes naval electronics work. Jack-o'-the-Dust: A ship's cook in charge of keeping track of the ship's food stores. Also, a board and dice game akin to Backgammon. TLD (Nuclear): Thermo-Luminescent Dosimeter. Squid. Battle Group (BG): A group of warships and supply ships centered around a large deck aircraft carrier and that carrier's airwing.
Air Force Occupational Badges Blues, Chris Nassetta Wife, Pierre Thomas (journalist) Is Haitian, City Of Charlotte Employee Holidays 2022, Field Survey Party Members And Functions,