Confronted with these deficits, we are compelled to look to the use of our basic human resources and formulate a program which will assure their conservation and effective development. The National Academy of Sciences hosted a symposium on February 26, 2020, that gathered top business, academic, and government leaders to explore whether the modern research architecture that fuels U.S. innovation needs to be reconfigured to meet the challenges of our time. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. The Members should serve without compensation but should be entitled to their expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. The "spatial turn" in literary studies is transforming the way we think of the field. Division of Publications and Scientific Collaboration. I. They should be persons of broad interest in and understanding of the peculiarities of scientific research and education. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. Hence Government, like industry, is dependent on the colleges, universities, and research institutes to expand the basic scientific frontiers and to furnish trained scientific investigators. The division Members should be appointed for such terms as the Members of the Foundation may determine, and may be reappointed at the discretion of the Members. It has been suggested that the benefits might be better utilized if "research clinics" for such enterprises were to be established. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. Budget. We all know how much the new drug, penicillin, has meant to our grievously wounded men on the grim battlefronts of this war -- the countless lives it has saved -- the incalculable suffering which its use has prevented. This fact underlines the necessity of salvaging potential scientists in uniform. A report to the President by United States. Download citation. 4. The Government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information. Diabetes has been brought under control by insulin, pernicious anemia by liver extracts; and the once widespread deficiency diseases have been much reduced, even in the lowest income groups, by accessory food factors and improvement of diet. The Armed Services should comb their records for men who, prior to or during the war, have given evidence of talent for science, and make prompt arrangements, consistent with current discharge plans, for ordering those who remain in uniform as soon as militarily possible to duty at institutions here and overseas where they can continue their scientific education. This is our present position despite the fact that in the last three decades notable progress has been made in civilian medicine. In retrospect: ScienceThe endless frontier. 2. For many years the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has supplemented the work of the Army and Navy by conducting basic research on the problems of flight. The terms of the Members should be, say, 4 years, and no Member should be eligible for immediate reappointment provided he has served a full 4-year term. Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. Download PDF. Phone: +44 1993 814500 COUPON: RENT Science, the Endless Frontier 1st edition by Bush eBook (9780691201658) and save up to 80% on online textbooks at Chegg.com now! Rush Holt offers incisive reflections on Bushs blind spots and bold plan, making this the definitive edition for our era.Angela N. H. Creager, Princeton University, "Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier had an immense influence on the development of US science and technology as forces for public good. The influence of Science The Endless Frontier stems largely from its timing, coming at the tail end of a war in which science-based technology had been crucial. While we are concerned primarily with methods of selecting and educating high school graduates at the college and higher levels, we cannot be complacent about the loss of potential talent which is inherent in the present situation. Some research on military problems should be conducted, in time of peace as well as in war, by civilians independently of the military establishment. CHAPTER 3. SUMMER 2020 35. public values. V. Patent Policy. The function of applied research is to provide such complete answers. "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. "Diane Coyle, Enlightened Economist, "This excellent reissue of Vannevar Bushs visionary work comes at a pivotal moment for our nation. Notable advances have been made in the early diagnosis of cancer, and in the surgical and radiation treatment of the disease. The details should be worked out with reference to the interests of the several States and of the universities and colleges; and care should be taken not to impair the freedom of the institutions and individuals concerned. With his insightful introduction to this landmark work, Rush Holt sets forth a persuasive case that a new science policy is vital, not only to our research infrastructure, but also to our very democracy. For even if we should start now to train the current crop of high school graduates, it would be 1951 before they would complete graduate studies and be prepared for effective scientific research. Periodic review of the quality of research being conducted under the auspices of the particular Division and revision of the program of support of research. There is one other matter which requires special mention. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. Most of the information needed by industry and in education can be released without disclosing its embodiments in actual military material and devices. The time has come when such support should be extended to other fields. In addition, a detailed study, with recommendations concerning the extent to which modifications should be made in our patent laws is currently being made under the leadership of the Secretary of Commerce. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) Notable examples are found within the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, and the Federal Security Agency. Organization. Nature - "Science, the Endless Frontier" . But they have been diverted to a greater extent than is generally appreciated from the search for answers to the fundamental problems -- from the search on which human welfare and progress depends. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science. These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. Maintaining liaison with other scientific research agencies, both governmental and private, concerned with the work of the Division. Almost all Government scientific work has ultimate practical objectives but, in many fields of broad national concern, it commonly involves long-term investigation of a fundamental nature. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. Our ability to overcome possible future enemies depends upon scientific advances which will proceed more rapidly with diffusion of knowledge than under a policy of continued restriction of knowledge now in our possession. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. Science, the Endless Frontier 1945 Washington, D. C. Government Printing Office 184 A Report to the President. It should be brought to the center of the stage -- for in it lies much of our hope for the future. They stimulate new invention and they make it possible for new industries to be built around new devices or new processes. The Federal Government should accept new responsibilities for promoting the creation of new scientific knowledge and the development of scientific talent in our youth. The Members should elect their own chairman annually. Written by Vannevar Bush, president of the Carnegie Institution of . I cannot improve on President Conant's statement that: "* * * in every section of the entire area where the word science may properly be applied, the limiting factor is a human one. The 1945 document, officially attributed to engineer Vannevar (rhymes with Beaver) Bush, urged President Harry Truman to convert the momentum of the World War II-era Office of Scientific Research and . Vannevar Bushs Science, the Endless Frontier remains the touchstone for understanding how Americans regard basic research, why they pay for it, and what benefits they expect. 2. In recent decades, Chinese researchers have become preeminent contributors to the scientific enterprise, as reflected by the number of publications originating from Chinese research institutions. Now the situation is different. In making such appointments the Members should request and consider recommendations from the National Academy of Sciences which should be asked to establish a new National Research Foundation nominating committee in order to bring together the recommendations of scientists in all organizations. Publication: Science. Except to the extent that military security dictates otherwise, such knowledge should be spread upon the record for the benefit of the general public. Increasing specialization of science will make it more important than ever that scientists in this country keep continually ahead of developments abroad. Students drop out of school, college, and graduate school, or do not get that far, for a variety of reasons: they cannot afford to go on; schools and colleges providing courses equal to their capacity are not available locally; business and industry recruit many of the most promising before they have finished the training of which they are capable. All of the medical and public health groups share credit for these achievements; they form interdependent members of a team. . Download Citation. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. Improvement in the teaching of science is imperative; for students of latent scientific ability are particularly vulnerable to high school teaching which fails to awaken interest or to provide adequate instruction. Background Citations. . At the same time, the teaching hospitals are especially well qualified to carry on medical research because of their close connection with the medical schools, on which they depend for staff and supervision. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. 7. It is important that the patent system continue to serve the country in the manner intended by the Constitution, for it has been a vital element in the industrial vigor which has distinguished this nation. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 1 Edition Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 1945 Publisher U.S. Govt. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture by Andrea Saltelli, Dorothy Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, Martin Pigeon :: SSRN Add Paper to My Library Science, the Endless Frontier of Regulatory Capture Saltelli, Andrea, Dorothy J. Dankel, Monica Di Fiore, Nina Holland, and Martin Pigeon. The excellent reports of the committees which studied these matters are attached as appendices. While additional physicians, hospitals, and health programs are needed, their full usefulness cannot be attained unless we enlarge our knowledge of the human organism and the nature of disease. Each Division of the Foundation should be made up of at least five members, appointed by the Members of the Foundation. The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. . The country may be proud of the fact that 95 percent of boys and girls of the fifth grade age are enrolled in school, but the drop in enrollment after the fifth grade is less satisfying. From early days the Government has taken an active interest in scientific matters. The scientist doing basic research may not be at all interested in the practical applications of his work, yet the further progress of industrial development would eventually stagnate if basic scientific research were long neglected. Two great principles have guided us in this country as we have turned our full efforts to war. The director should receive a salary that is fully adequate to attract an outstanding man to the post. Many of the lessons learned in the war-time application of science under Government can be profitably applied in peace. Science and the great practical genius of this nation made this achievement possible. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. The members of the committees have reviewed the recommendations in regard to the single mechanism and have found this plan thoroughly acceptable. These are the best estimates available. His document serves as a prescient reminder as the United States faces the challenges of a new century. Science made that possible, too. Policy for the Endless Frontier: "Origins and Ambitions of the CHIPS and Science Act". China's rise in science has the potential to push forward the global frontier, but mere production of knowledge does not guarantee that others are able to build on it. THE WAR AGAINST DISEASE Plans for the discovery and development of scientific talent must be related to the other needs of society for high ability. We have no national policy for science. Citation []. The interdisciplinary and global approach provides a thorough introduction and includes . The Armed Services cannot be expected to be experts in all of the complicated fields which make it possible for a great nation to fight successfully in total war. Many had begun their studies before they went to war. Cookies on OCLC websites. Offer good on select hardcover titles only. Science is fundamentally a unitary thing. These results have been achieved through a great amount of basic research in medicine and the preclinical sciences, and by the dissemination of this new scientific knowledge through the physicians and medical services and public health agencies of the country. The death rate for all diseases in the Army, including the overseas forces, has been reduced from 14.1 per thousand in the last war to 0.6 per thousand in this war. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT July 1945 Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director . There are no standing committees of the Congress devoted to this important subject. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. VII. Much of the scientific research done by Government agencies is intermediate in character between the two types of work commonly referred to as basic and applied research. It creates the fund from which the practical applications of knowledge must be drawn. The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. The development of the. A PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC RECONVERSION There are some notable exceptions, it is true, but even in such cases it is rarely possible to match the universities in respect to the freedom which is so important to scientific discovery. The Endless Frontier Act was initially presented Senators Chuck Schumer (D-NY) and Todd Young (R-IN) by Under . For every 1,000 students in the fifth grade, 600 are lost to education before the end of high school, and all but 72 have ceased formal education before completion of college. To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. Between World War I and World War II the United States overtook all other nations in medical research and assumed a position of world leadership. Publicly and privately supported colleges and universities and the endowed research institutes must furnish both the new scientific knowledge and the trained research workers. - The function of this Division should be to support research in the physical and natural sciences. Unit 2702, NUO Centre Recommendations regarding the allocation of research programs among research organizations. Many of the leaders in the development of radar are scientists who before the war had been exploring the nucleus of the atom. He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. Any extension of medical facilities must be accompanied by an expanded program of medical training and research. There should certainly not be any absolute requirement that all rights in such discoveries be assigned to the Government, but it should be left to the discretion of the director and the interested Division whether in special cases the public interest requires such an assignment. Private foundations and other groups partially fulfill some of these functions at present, but their scope is incomplete and inadequate. Thus, in addition to the general benefits to the nation by reason of the addition to its trained ranks of such a corps of scientific workers, there would be a definite benefit to the nation in having these scientific workers on call in national emergencies. These institutions are uniquely qualified by tradition and by their special characteristics to carry on basic research. We will update our FAQ page when it becomes available. There should be an administrative office responsible to the director to handle in one place the fiscal, legal, personnel, and other similar administrative functions necessary to the accomplishment of the purposes of the Foundation. Military preparedness requires a permanent independent, civilian-controlled organization, having close liaison with the Army and Navy, but with funds directly from Congress and with the clear power to initiate military research which will supplement and strengthen that carried on directly under the control of the Army and Navy. United States. Since 1900 a large number of scientific agencies have been established within the Federal Government, until in 1939 they numbered more than 40. It is recommended that measures which will encourage and facilitate the preparation and publication of reports be adopted forthwith by all agencies, governmental and private, possessing scientific information released from security control. How will we find ways to make better products at lower cost? II. Fortunately, this country had the scientists -- and the time -- to make this contribution and thus to advance the date of victory. The plan is, further, that all those who receive such scholarships or fellowships in science should be enrolled in a National Science Reserve and be liable to call into the service of the Government, in connection with scientific or technical work in time of war or other national emergency declared by Congress or proclaimed by the President. The program proposed by the Moe Committee in Appendix 4 would provide 24,000 undergraduate scholarships and 900 graduate fellowships and would cost about $30,000,000 annually when in full operation. Division of Medical Research. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. Basic scientific research should not, therefore, be placed under an operating agency whose paramount concern is anything other than research. We do not know yet how we shall reach that goal, but it is certain that it can be achieved only by releasing the full creative and productive energies of the American people. * * * So in the last analysis, the future of science in this country will be determined by our basic educational policy.".
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